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Making brands work around the world
让品牌畅行天下
No one disagrees with the economic necessity of geographically extending a product. Not only does it increase turnover but it also makes economies of scale possible, thus giving companies a competitive advantage in local markets. But how far do we push the global idea? Should we globalise all aspects of a brand: its names, its creative concept and the product itself?
人们普遍认同,扩大产品覆盖区域有经济上的必要性。这样做不仅增加营业额,而且可能产生规模经济的效益,从而使企业在当地市场上取得竞争优势。 然而在进行全球扩张时,我们究竟应该走得多远?我们是否应该进行全方位的品牌全球化,诸如品牌的名称,创意的概念,以及产品本身等。
Global branding implies the wish to extend all three aspects throughout the world. Rarely, though, is it realistic and profitable to extend all of them. The Mars brand, for example, is not absolutely global. The Mars chocolate bar is sold as an all-round nutritious snack in the UK and as an energizer in Europe (different concepts and positioning for the same physical product).Nestle adapts the taste of its worldwide brands to local markets. The Nescafe formulas vary worldwide.
品牌全球化虽然意味着希望在以上三个方面都进行推进。然而,从现实性和赢利性两方面来看,这种做法极少。例如,玛氏的品牌就不是绝对的全球化。在英国,玛氏巧克力棒的销售定位是一种营养全面的速食品,而在欧洲大陆的市场定位是补充能量的食品。可以说,同一个产品具有两种不同的产品概念和定位。另外一个例子,雀巢产品虽然有全球统一的品牌,但口味却为适应当地市场而做了调整。雀巢咖啡(Nescafe)的配方在全球各地都是不同的。
Nowhere is globalization more desirable than in sectors that revolve around mobility, such as the car rental and airline industries. When a brand in these sectors is seen as being international, its authority and expertise are automatically accepted. Companies such as Hertz, Avis and Europcar globalised their advertising campaigns by portraying typical images such as the busy executive. An Italian businessman will identify more with a hurried businessman who is not Italian than with an Italian who is not a businessman.
在提供出行方便服务的行业里,租车和航空等行业对全球化的渴求更加迫切。 在这些行业里,一个国际化的品牌,其领导地位和专业不言而喻。赫兹(Hertz),安飞士(Avis), 欧洲汽车(Eurocar)这些汽车租赁公司,在其全球化的广告活动中都会使用典型的形象,比如一个忙碌的行政商务人员。广告中的生意人形象而不是其意大利国籍,更能让一个意大利商人找到认同。
The main aim of such global marketing campaigns is not to increase sales but to maximise profitability. For example, instead of bringing out different TV advertisements for each country, a firm can use a single film for one region. The McCann-Erikson agency is proud of the fact that it has saved Coca-cola $90m over the past 20 years by producing commercials with global appeal.
这种全球营销推广活动的主要目的是实现利润最大化,而不是为了增加销售额。所以一个公司在一个地区只用一个宣传片,而不是在每一个国家使用不同的电视广告。麦卡恩艾利逊公司(McCann-Erikson)引以为自豪的就是它为可口可乐公司制作了具有全球品味的商业广告,在过去的二十年里它替可口可乐公司节省了九千万美元。
Social and cultural developments provide a favourable platform for globalisation. When young people no longer identify with long-established local values, they seek new models on which to build their identity. They are then open to influence from abroad. When drinking Coca-cola, we all drink the American myth-fresh, young, dynamic, powerful, all-American images. Nike tells young people everywhere to surpass themselves, to transcend the confines of their race and culture.
社会和文化发展为全球化提供了有利的平台。当年轻人不再执着于长期树立的本土价值,他们会寻求新的模式,据此建立他们的身份。于是他们对于国外的影响采取开放态度。喝可口可乐时,人们在吸收一种崭新的美国理念,年轻,活力和力量,一个整体的美国人形象。耐克(Nike)传递给世界各地的年轻人的理念是超越自我,超越种族和文化的界限。
Globalisation is also made easier when a brand is built around a cultural stereotype. AEG, Bosch, Siemens, Mercedes and BMW rest secure on the ‘Made in Germany’ model, which opens up the global market since the stereotype goes beyond national boundaries. People everywhere associate the stereotype with robust performance.
围绕一种文化的固定模式而建立起来的品牌,其全球化更容易实现。比如“德国制造”这个模式让德国电器(AEG), 博世(Bosch),西门子(Siemens), 梅塞迪斯奔驰(Mercedes), 宝马(BMW)在打开全球市场时稳操胜券,因为这个固定形象超越了国界。每个地方的人都会把“德国制造”与性能优越联系起来。
Barilla is another example: it is built on the classic Italian image of tomato sauce, pasta, a carefree way of life, songs and sun. IKEA furniture epitomises Sweden. Lancome expresses the sophistication of the French woman.
再比如,百味来(Barilla)的形象让人联想到传统的意大利番茄酱,意粉,无忧无虑的生活方式,歌曲和太阳。宜家家具(IKEA)则是瑞典的缩影。兰寇代表法国女士的成熟。
Certain organizational factors ease the shift to a global brand. American firms, for instance, are naturally geared towards globalisation because marketing in their huge domestic market already treats America as a single entity despite its social and cultural differences.
下面谈谈某些组织因素是如何帮助实现品牌全球化的。
首先,美国公司在开拓巨大的国内市场时就是把美国看成单一的一个整体市场,尽管美国国内市场存在社会和文化差异,所以全球化对美国公司可谓轻车熟路。
Another organizational factor concerns the way US companies first expanded in Europe. Many set up European headquarters, usually based in Brussels or London. From early on Europe was considered a single and homogeneous area.
另一个方法,为美国公司初始在欧洲扩张时所采用。许多公司通常以布鲁塞尔或伦敦为基地,设立欧洲总部。一直以来欧洲就被视为单一和同质的市场。
Finally, a single centre of production is also a great advantage. Procer & Gamble centralises European production of detergents in its Amiens factory. This maximises product standardisation and enables innovations to spread to all countries at once, thus giving the company a competitive advantage over local rivals and ensuring the continued growth and success of the brand.
最后,构建一个单一的制造中心具有巨大优势。宝洁公司(P&G)把全欧洲的洗涤剂制造全部集中在亚眠工厂。这就使产品标准化最大化,而且任何产品的创新能迅速传递到所有国家,公司因此获得超越当地竞争对手的优势,确保了品牌的持续成长和成功。
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Remarks:
Time used:4 hours ( from 11:35 to 16:05; including 30 minutes lunch time).